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Review III on Commercial Achievements since 16th CPC National Congress: Service Trade Steadily Developed; Global Status Rapidly Increased
Since the 16th CPC National Congress, the service trade of China has been steadily developing; the scale of trade expanding has been expanding rapidly and the status and role of service trade in the national economy have been increasingly important, thus the global status of China’s service trade has been on rapid rise.
I. Service trade developed rapidly and China moved further towards a major trading nation
(1) Scale of service trade expanded rapidly. From 2002 to 2011, the service import and export increased by 3.9 times from USD 85.5 billion to USD 419.1 billion with an annual growth rate of 19%. Service export increased from USD 39.4 billion to USD 182.1 billion with an annual growth rate of 19%; service import increased from USD 46.1 billion to USD 237 billion with an annual growth rate of 20%. At the same period, the global ranking of China’s service import and export kept rising. Service export moved up from the eleventh place to the fourth and service import moved up from the ninth place to the third.
(2)Structure of service trade tends to be optimized. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, proportions of traditional industries such as tourism and transportation have been decreasing in the total service import and export year by year while those of emerging industries such as insurance, computer and information service and consultation have been increasing. In 2002, the import and export volume of traditional service such as tourism and transportation accounted for over sixty percent of the total service import and export volume while the proportion of emerging industries such as insurance was far lower than the world average. However, the service export of emerging industries in 2011 accounted for 53.8% of total service export.
(3)Significant achievements made in key fields of service export. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, China has been taking a comprehensive consideration of the development trend of global service trade, the prospects of international market demands, the development potential so of service export departments and importance to economic developments to promote service export through three aspects, which are “continuing to consolidate, actively promoting and priority cultivation. And significant achievements have been made.
The first is to continue to consolidate the scale advantages of industries such as transportation, tourism and construction in service trade, thus gradually improving the trade benefits. In 2011, the export of transportation was USD 35.57 billion, increasing by 5.2 times in comparison with 2002; the export of tourism was USD 48.46 billion, increasing by 1.4 times in comparison with 2002 and that of construction service was USD 14.72 billion, increasing by almost 12 times over that of 2002, indicating an annual growth rate of 31.5%, and the proportion in total service export was raised from 3.2% to 8.1%.
The second is to focus on promotion of service outsourcing to achieve leapfrog developments. With the guidance and support of a series of national incentive policies, the international competitiveness of service outsourcing industry has been further enhanced and its absorptive capacity of employment has been further improved, playing a critical role in the adjustment of economic structure, change of foreign trade development modes and employment promotion of college and university students. Especially, 21 model cities have been playing a leading role in ways of innovation and promoting rapid development of service outsourcing industry. From 2009 to 2011, the implementation amount of off-shore outsourcing business undertaken by enterprises in China increased from USD 10.09 billion to USD 23.83 billion with an annual growth rate of 53.7%. As at May 2012, the service outsourcing enterprises had accumulatively produced employment positions for 3.47 million persons, about 70% or 2.4 million of whom had associate degree or above. In 2011, the implementation amount of off-shore contracts of information technology outsourcing (ITO) (mainly software research and development and operation maintenance for information system) is USD 13.87 billion, accounting for 58.2% of total implementation amount of off-shore contracts. The overall ratio of ITO, business procedure outsourcing (BPO) and knowledge procedure outsourcing (KPO) is 12:3:5. The proportion of KPO business is increasing year by year, reflecting that the service outsourcing business in China is gradually expanding from the medium and low end of the industry chain to high end fields such as financial backing, research and development of biomedicine and technological research, development and testing, etc.
The third is to actively promote the development of service fields such as culture, technology and exhibition, and the culture trade is developing rapidly. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, along with the further deepening of cultural system reform, the scale of culture trade has been developing rapidly and the international competitiveness has been remarkably enhanced. From 2002 to 2011, the import and export of core cultural products increased from USD 5.41 billion to USD 20 billion with an annual growth rate of 15.6%; the import and export of cultural service increased from USD 890 million to USD 7.76 billion with an annual growth rate of 27.2%. The level of exhibition industry is gradually improved. In 2002, about 3,000 exhibitions were held in China, while in 2011, the number was increased to 6,800, 2.27 times as many as that of 2002. In 2011, 14 exhibitors of China edged into world top 100 commercial exhibitors in 2011, ranking the second in the world; and 62 exhibitions, were approved by Union of International Fairs (UFI), ranking the fourth in the world. The speed of construction of exhibition venues ranked forefront in the world. In 2011, the number of exhibition venues in China was 269, 1.5 times as many as that in 2002. As of the end of 2011, the total area of indoor exhibition of exhibition halls over 5, 000 m2 was 4.75 million square meters, accounting for 15% in the global total area and ranking the second in the world; In five years from 2006 to 2011, the total indoor exhibition area in China increased by about 1.5 million square meters, accounting for 44% of the newly increased exhibition area of the world over the same period. The technology trade is steadily increasing. From 20020 to 2011, the number of technology introduction contracts doubled and the total contract value increased by 84.9% from USD 17.39 billion to USD 32.16 billion with an annual growth rate of 9.4%. From 2009 to 2011, the total value of technology export contracts increased from USD 11.15 billion to USD 21.4 billion, in which the value of computer software export increased from USD 10.16 billion to USD 19.09 billion (Note: the data of software export was included in the statistical scope of technology trade since 2009).
II. Policy mechanisms promoting the development of service trade were continuously improved
(1) More complete and integrated management mechanism for service trade. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, China initially established, and improved in practice, special management mechanism and promotion system for service trade.
Firstly, a management mechanism was established for the development of service trade. In 2006, the Ministry of Commerce set up the Department of Trade in Services to exclusively lead to draw out the development plans for service trade, planning and policies to promote service export and arrangement of implementation, and to undertake the statistical work of service trade promotion and service trade. Besides, it is responsible to prepare technology trade policies and management of technology import and export. In 2011, the department was renamed by the Ministry of Commerce to be the Department of Trade in Services and Commercial Services, and the business was expanded to trade in commercial services to further promote the integration of domestic and foreign trade.
Secondly, a cross-department contact mechanism was established for the development of service trade. In 2007, led by the Ministry of Commerce, and together with 34 ministries and departments such as the State Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Culture, etc., a cross-department contact mechanism for service trade was established. In 2010, a cross-department contact mechanism for relevant work of projects and key cultural export enterprises set up by the Ministry of Commerce, the Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the CPC, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Culture was established to further enhance the promotion of culture export.
Thirdly, the instructive and contact mechanism for the development of local service trade was enhanced. In 2008, the Ministry of Commerce signed Cooperative Agreement on Promoting the Development of Service Trade in Shanghai with Shanghai Municipal Government to encourage the trial of national service trade policies in Shanghai. The Ministry of Commerce instructed Shanghai Municipal Government to formulate Guidelines for Medium and Long Term Development Planning of Service Trade in Shanghai and Opinions on Promoting Overall Development of Service Trade in Shanghai. In addition, China affirmed 21 model cities for service outsourcing such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and others and offered policy supports in various aspects.
Fourthly, a work contact mechanism with international organizations and foreign governments was established and improved. The Ministry of Commerce established dialogue mechanism for service trade departments with the EU, established work relations with international organizations such as WTO, UNCTAD, OECD and others , signed memorandum of understanding on promoting bilateral service trade with Germany, Britain, Ireland and Australia, and is negotiating with Singapore to sign similar agreements.
(2) The development policy system for service trade being completed. The Ministry of Commerce, together with relevant departments, formulated important policy documents such as Guidelines for the “11th Five-year” Development Planning for Service Trade, Guidelines for the “12th Five-year” Development Planning for Service Trade and Guiding Opinion of MOFCOM on Enhancing Trade Service, and carried out a series of policies and measures in key fields of service trade such as service outsourcing, technology trade, accounting, culture, and Chinese traditional medicine and the promotion policy system for service trade kept improving and deepening. Policy supports for the development of service industry and service trade were enhanced in various regions; many provinces (regions, cities) issued policy documents to accelerate the development of service industry and service trade and offered matched policy supports for service trade.
(3) Substantial results obtained in construction of service trade promotion platform
Firstly, the service trade platform was further explored. From 2007 to 2011, China successfully held meetings for China Trade in Services for three times, which played a positive role in the development of service trade. In 2012, approved by the State Council, the Ministry of Commerce, together with the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality, held the first China (Beijing) International Fair for Trade in Services (“Beijing Fair”), attracting traders from 82 countries and regions and achieving a business volume of international service trade of USD 11.2 billion. In order to further promote the development of technology trade, the Ministry of Commerce, together with relevant ministries and departments, promoted the establishment of Shanghai International Technology Exchange Center in December 2011 and held Shanghai International Technology Fair. The Ministry of Commerce also successively held large fairs and exhibitions such as China (Shenzhen) International Cultural Industries Fair, International Service Trade (Chongqing) Summit, China (Dalian) International Software & Information Service Fair, China (Hong Kong) International Service Trade Fair, forming a pattern with full coverage and emphasis in service trade fields.
Secondly, material progress was made in the construction of social agency organizations in the service trade field. In 2007, the State Council approved the establishment of China Association of Trade in Services. The Ministry of Commerce and relevant ministries and departments formed the guiding committee of the association. The association set up professional committees in communications and information service, culture trade and e-commerce to promote the development of key fields of service trade.
Thirdly, solid progress was made in the information service work for service trade. In 2006, the Ministry of Commerce set up the website of “China Trade in Services”, offering information such as the development of domestic and foreign service trade, policies and regulations, special studies on service trade, latest statistical analysis, enterprise database and market supply and demand, etc., which is becoming an important platform for the governments to provide information service, promote international communications and for enterprises to conduct cooperation in the service trade field.
III. Ground work for service trade kept being enhanced and completed
(1) Statistical systems for service trade were established and completed. In 2007, the Ministry of Commerce and State Statistical Bureau jointly issued Statistical System of International Trade in Service, thus the statistical database of Chinese service trade was established. In 2010, the Ministry of Commerce and State Statistical Bureau jointly revised Statistical System of International Trade in Service to allow the statistics to cover four provision patterns of service trade of WTO. For the collection of service import and export data, the use of department data was changed into a comprehensive utilization of enterprise investigation data, relevant department information and other statistical information so as to provide more effective data supports for China to formulate service trade policies, conduct external negotiations and check the operation of enterprises.
(2) Great progress was made in the theoretical research of development and promotion of service trade to provide important reference for the formulation of service trade policies. Since 2006, the Ministry of Commerce has led to complete a large quantity of studies in the theoretical and policy issues of service trade development concerning the coordinated development of service trade and cargo trade, expansion of service trade export, legislation of service trade promotion, statistical systems of service trade and key field studies of service trade, etc.; to actively prepare monthly reports, flash reports, annual reports, Briefs of Service Trade, Development Report of China’s Software Export and others. Since 2006, the Ministry of Commerce issued China Service Trade Development Report (Chinese and English Version) on an annual basis, which gives a comprehensive analysis to the overall development of service trade in China.
(3) The construction of service trade work team was further enhanced. Since 2006, the Ministry of Commerce organized and implemented the project of “enhancing trade with talents” that every year, the local commercial systems were organized to have training in the comprehensive knowledge of service trade, statistical analysis, supporting policies for the key fields in key export, which improved the theoretical levels and business capabilities of the working personnel of service trade in commercial system in China.
I. Service trade developed rapidly and China moved further towards a major trading nation
(1) Scale of service trade expanded rapidly. From 2002 to 2011, the service import and export increased by 3.9 times from USD 85.5 billion to USD 419.1 billion with an annual growth rate of 19%. Service export increased from USD 39.4 billion to USD 182.1 billion with an annual growth rate of 19%; service import increased from USD 46.1 billion to USD 237 billion with an annual growth rate of 20%. At the same period, the global ranking of China’s service import and export kept rising. Service export moved up from the eleventh place to the fourth and service import moved up from the ninth place to the third.
(2)Structure of service trade tends to be optimized. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, proportions of traditional industries such as tourism and transportation have been decreasing in the total service import and export year by year while those of emerging industries such as insurance, computer and information service and consultation have been increasing. In 2002, the import and export volume of traditional service such as tourism and transportation accounted for over sixty percent of the total service import and export volume while the proportion of emerging industries such as insurance was far lower than the world average. However, the service export of emerging industries in 2011 accounted for 53.8% of total service export.
(3)Significant achievements made in key fields of service export. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, China has been taking a comprehensive consideration of the development trend of global service trade, the prospects of international market demands, the development potential so of service export departments and importance to economic developments to promote service export through three aspects, which are “continuing to consolidate, actively promoting and priority cultivation. And significant achievements have been made.
The first is to continue to consolidate the scale advantages of industries such as transportation, tourism and construction in service trade, thus gradually improving the trade benefits. In 2011, the export of transportation was USD 35.57 billion, increasing by 5.2 times in comparison with 2002; the export of tourism was USD 48.46 billion, increasing by 1.4 times in comparison with 2002 and that of construction service was USD 14.72 billion, increasing by almost 12 times over that of 2002, indicating an annual growth rate of 31.5%, and the proportion in total service export was raised from 3.2% to 8.1%.
The second is to focus on promotion of service outsourcing to achieve leapfrog developments. With the guidance and support of a series of national incentive policies, the international competitiveness of service outsourcing industry has been further enhanced and its absorptive capacity of employment has been further improved, playing a critical role in the adjustment of economic structure, change of foreign trade development modes and employment promotion of college and university students. Especially, 21 model cities have been playing a leading role in ways of innovation and promoting rapid development of service outsourcing industry. From 2009 to 2011, the implementation amount of off-shore outsourcing business undertaken by enterprises in China increased from USD 10.09 billion to USD 23.83 billion with an annual growth rate of 53.7%. As at May 2012, the service outsourcing enterprises had accumulatively produced employment positions for 3.47 million persons, about 70% or 2.4 million of whom had associate degree or above. In 2011, the implementation amount of off-shore contracts of information technology outsourcing (ITO) (mainly software research and development and operation maintenance for information system) is USD 13.87 billion, accounting for 58.2% of total implementation amount of off-shore contracts. The overall ratio of ITO, business procedure outsourcing (BPO) and knowledge procedure outsourcing (KPO) is 12:3:5. The proportion of KPO business is increasing year by year, reflecting that the service outsourcing business in China is gradually expanding from the medium and low end of the industry chain to high end fields such as financial backing, research and development of biomedicine and technological research, development and testing, etc.
The third is to actively promote the development of service fields such as culture, technology and exhibition, and the culture trade is developing rapidly. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, along with the further deepening of cultural system reform, the scale of culture trade has been developing rapidly and the international competitiveness has been remarkably enhanced. From 2002 to 2011, the import and export of core cultural products increased from USD 5.41 billion to USD 20 billion with an annual growth rate of 15.6%; the import and export of cultural service increased from USD 890 million to USD 7.76 billion with an annual growth rate of 27.2%. The level of exhibition industry is gradually improved. In 2002, about 3,000 exhibitions were held in China, while in 2011, the number was increased to 6,800, 2.27 times as many as that of 2002. In 2011, 14 exhibitors of China edged into world top 100 commercial exhibitors in 2011, ranking the second in the world; and 62 exhibitions, were approved by Union of International Fairs (UFI), ranking the fourth in the world. The speed of construction of exhibition venues ranked forefront in the world. In 2011, the number of exhibition venues in China was 269, 1.5 times as many as that in 2002. As of the end of 2011, the total area of indoor exhibition of exhibition halls over 5, 000 m2 was 4.75 million square meters, accounting for 15% in the global total area and ranking the second in the world; In five years from 2006 to 2011, the total indoor exhibition area in China increased by about 1.5 million square meters, accounting for 44% of the newly increased exhibition area of the world over the same period. The technology trade is steadily increasing. From 20020 to 2011, the number of technology introduction contracts doubled and the total contract value increased by 84.9% from USD 17.39 billion to USD 32.16 billion with an annual growth rate of 9.4%. From 2009 to 2011, the total value of technology export contracts increased from USD 11.15 billion to USD 21.4 billion, in which the value of computer software export increased from USD 10.16 billion to USD 19.09 billion (Note: the data of software export was included in the statistical scope of technology trade since 2009).
II. Policy mechanisms promoting the development of service trade were continuously improved
(1) More complete and integrated management mechanism for service trade. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, China initially established, and improved in practice, special management mechanism and promotion system for service trade.
Firstly, a management mechanism was established for the development of service trade. In 2006, the Ministry of Commerce set up the Department of Trade in Services to exclusively lead to draw out the development plans for service trade, planning and policies to promote service export and arrangement of implementation, and to undertake the statistical work of service trade promotion and service trade. Besides, it is responsible to prepare technology trade policies and management of technology import and export. In 2011, the department was renamed by the Ministry of Commerce to be the Department of Trade in Services and Commercial Services, and the business was expanded to trade in commercial services to further promote the integration of domestic and foreign trade.
Secondly, a cross-department contact mechanism was established for the development of service trade. In 2007, led by the Ministry of Commerce, and together with 34 ministries and departments such as the State Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Culture, etc., a cross-department contact mechanism for service trade was established. In 2010, a cross-department contact mechanism for relevant work of projects and key cultural export enterprises set up by the Ministry of Commerce, the Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the CPC, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Culture was established to further enhance the promotion of culture export.
Thirdly, the instructive and contact mechanism for the development of local service trade was enhanced. In 2008, the Ministry of Commerce signed Cooperative Agreement on Promoting the Development of Service Trade in Shanghai with Shanghai Municipal Government to encourage the trial of national service trade policies in Shanghai. The Ministry of Commerce instructed Shanghai Municipal Government to formulate Guidelines for Medium and Long Term Development Planning of Service Trade in Shanghai and Opinions on Promoting Overall Development of Service Trade in Shanghai. In addition, China affirmed 21 model cities for service outsourcing such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and others and offered policy supports in various aspects.
Fourthly, a work contact mechanism with international organizations and foreign governments was established and improved. The Ministry of Commerce established dialogue mechanism for service trade departments with the EU, established work relations with international organizations such as WTO, UNCTAD, OECD and others , signed memorandum of understanding on promoting bilateral service trade with Germany, Britain, Ireland and Australia, and is negotiating with Singapore to sign similar agreements.
(2) The development policy system for service trade being completed. The Ministry of Commerce, together with relevant departments, formulated important policy documents such as Guidelines for the “11th Five-year” Development Planning for Service Trade, Guidelines for the “12th Five-year” Development Planning for Service Trade and Guiding Opinion of MOFCOM on Enhancing Trade Service, and carried out a series of policies and measures in key fields of service trade such as service outsourcing, technology trade, accounting, culture, and Chinese traditional medicine and the promotion policy system for service trade kept improving and deepening. Policy supports for the development of service industry and service trade were enhanced in various regions; many provinces (regions, cities) issued policy documents to accelerate the development of service industry and service trade and offered matched policy supports for service trade.
(3) Substantial results obtained in construction of service trade promotion platform
Firstly, the service trade platform was further explored. From 2007 to 2011, China successfully held meetings for China Trade in Services for three times, which played a positive role in the development of service trade. In 2012, approved by the State Council, the Ministry of Commerce, together with the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality, held the first China (Beijing) International Fair for Trade in Services (“Beijing Fair”), attracting traders from 82 countries and regions and achieving a business volume of international service trade of USD 11.2 billion. In order to further promote the development of technology trade, the Ministry of Commerce, together with relevant ministries and departments, promoted the establishment of Shanghai International Technology Exchange Center in December 2011 and held Shanghai International Technology Fair. The Ministry of Commerce also successively held large fairs and exhibitions such as China (Shenzhen) International Cultural Industries Fair, International Service Trade (Chongqing) Summit, China (Dalian) International Software & Information Service Fair, China (Hong Kong) International Service Trade Fair, forming a pattern with full coverage and emphasis in service trade fields.
Secondly, material progress was made in the construction of social agency organizations in the service trade field. In 2007, the State Council approved the establishment of China Association of Trade in Services. The Ministry of Commerce and relevant ministries and departments formed the guiding committee of the association. The association set up professional committees in communications and information service, culture trade and e-commerce to promote the development of key fields of service trade.
Thirdly, solid progress was made in the information service work for service trade. In 2006, the Ministry of Commerce set up the website of “China Trade in Services”, offering information such as the development of domestic and foreign service trade, policies and regulations, special studies on service trade, latest statistical analysis, enterprise database and market supply and demand, etc., which is becoming an important platform for the governments to provide information service, promote international communications and for enterprises to conduct cooperation in the service trade field.
III. Ground work for service trade kept being enhanced and completed
(1) Statistical systems for service trade were established and completed. In 2007, the Ministry of Commerce and State Statistical Bureau jointly issued Statistical System of International Trade in Service, thus the statistical database of Chinese service trade was established. In 2010, the Ministry of Commerce and State Statistical Bureau jointly revised Statistical System of International Trade in Service to allow the statistics to cover four provision patterns of service trade of WTO. For the collection of service import and export data, the use of department data was changed into a comprehensive utilization of enterprise investigation data, relevant department information and other statistical information so as to provide more effective data supports for China to formulate service trade policies, conduct external negotiations and check the operation of enterprises.
(2) Great progress was made in the theoretical research of development and promotion of service trade to provide important reference for the formulation of service trade policies. Since 2006, the Ministry of Commerce has led to complete a large quantity of studies in the theoretical and policy issues of service trade development concerning the coordinated development of service trade and cargo trade, expansion of service trade export, legislation of service trade promotion, statistical systems of service trade and key field studies of service trade, etc.; to actively prepare monthly reports, flash reports, annual reports, Briefs of Service Trade, Development Report of China’s Software Export and others. Since 2006, the Ministry of Commerce issued China Service Trade Development Report (Chinese and English Version) on an annual basis, which gives a comprehensive analysis to the overall development of service trade in China.
(3) The construction of service trade work team was further enhanced. Since 2006, the Ministry of Commerce organized and implemented the project of “enhancing trade with talents” that every year, the local commercial systems were organized to have training in the comprehensive knowledge of service trade, statistical analysis, supporting policies for the key fields in key export, which improved the theoretical levels and business capabilities of the working personnel of service trade in commercial system in China.
